Pollution
is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.[1]Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith Instituteissues annually a list of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and Zambia.[2]
Deforestation
is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use[1]. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use.
The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate mesic climates, the removal of all trees in an area—in conformance with sustainable forestry practices—is correctly described as regeneration harvest[2]. In temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic[3]. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance[4].
Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficientreforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade intowasteland.
Disregard or ignorance of intrinsic value, lack of ascribed value, lax forest management and deficient environmental laws are some of the factors that allow deforestation to occur on a large scale. In many countries, deforestation is an ongoing issue that is causing extinction, changes to climatic conditions,desertification, and displacement of indigenous people.
Among countries with a per capita GDP of at least US$4,600, net deforestation rates have ceased to increase.[5][6]
Environmental protection agencies/authorities
National government agencies/authorities
- China: Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, formerly the State Environmental Protection Agency
- Ireland: Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)
- Scotland: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
- Sweden: Environmental Protection Agency (Sweden)
- Taiwan: Environmental Protection Administration (Republic of China)
- United States: United States Environmental Protection Agency
- Guyana Environmental Protection Agency (Guyana)
Australia
- Environment Protection Authority (Victoria)
- Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland)
- Department of Environment and Climate Change (New South Wales) which replaced the "New South Wales Environmental Protection Authority"
- Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia
Other uses
- Economic Partnership Agreement, a free trade scheme between two countries
- Economic Partnership Agreements, a free trade scheme involving the European Union with the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries
- Eesti Põllumajandusakadeemia, now Estonian University of Life Sciences
- Eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid
- Electrostatic Protected Areas, see Electrostatic discharge
- Enduring power of attorney in law
- Environmental Protection Act, a UK act of parliament.
- EPA tractor, an emergency tractor
- Euronext Paris, a stock exchange
- European Patent Agency, now European Patent Office
- European Patent Attorney, a legal specialization for Representation before the European Patent Office
- European Pathway Association, a clinical research organization
- European Pressphoto Agency, a news photo agency
I
Object may refer to
(philosophy), a thing, being or concept
- Entity, something that is tangible and within the grasp of the senses
- Object (grammar), a sentence element, such as a direct object or an indirect object
- Object (abstract), an object which does not exist at any particular time or place
- Object (mathematics), an abstract object arising in mathematics
- Group object, a generalization of a group built on more complicated structures than sets.
- Goal, an aim, target or objective
- Physical body or object, in physics, a collection of masses
- Object, an entity treated by mathematical category theory
- 3D model, a representation of a physical object
- Object (National Register of Historic Places), a classification used by the U.S. National Register of Historic Places
In computing:
-
Object (computer science), a language mechanism for binding data with methods that operate on that data
- Object-oriented programming (OOP), in which an object is an instance of a class or array
- Object file, the output of a compiler or other translator program (also known as "object code")
- Object (Information Processing), an information source for an information processor
- HTML object element
In popular culture:
- Object, a song by The Cure on their 1979 album Three Imaginary Boys
- Objects from the 2006 television series The Lost Room
- "Object", a song by Ween from La Cucaracha
expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm
is a method for finding maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates of parameters in statistical models, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables. EM is an iterative method which alternates between performing an expectation (E) step, which computes the expectation of the log-likelihood evaluated using the current estimate for the latent variables, and a maximization (M) step, which computes parameters maximizing the expected log-likelihood found on the E step. These parameter-estimates are then used to determine the distribution of the latent variables in the next E step.
Pollution
is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.[1]Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith Instituteissues annually a list of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and Zambia.[2]
Deforestation
is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use[1]. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use.
The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate mesic climates, the removal of all trees in an area—in conformance with sustainable forestry practices—is correctly described as regeneration harvest[2]. In temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic[3]. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance[4].
Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficientreforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade intowasteland.
Disregard or ignorance of intrinsic value, lack of ascribed value, lax forest management and deficient environmental laws are some of the factors that allow deforestation to occur on a large scale. In many countries, deforestation is an ongoing issue that is causing extinction, changes to climatic conditions,desertification, and displacement of indigenous people.
Among countries with a per capita GDP of at least US$4,600, net deforestation rates have ceased to increase.[5][6]
Environmental protection agencies/authorities
National government agencies/authorities
- China: Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, formerly the State Environmental Protection Agency
- Ireland: Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)
- Scotland: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
- Sweden: Environmental Protection Agency (Sweden)
- Taiwan: Environmental Protection Administration (Republic of China)
- United States: United States Environmental Protection Agency
- Guyana Environmental Protection Agency (Guyana)
Australia
- Environment Protection Authority (Victoria)
- Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland)
- Department of Environment and Climate Change (New South Wales) which replaced the "New South Wales Environmental Protection Authority"
- Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia
Other uses
- Economic Partnership Agreement, a free trade scheme between two countries
- Economic Partnership Agreements, a free trade scheme involving the European Union with the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries
- Eesti Põllumajandusakadeemia, now Estonian University of Life Sciences
- Eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid
- Electrostatic Protected Areas, see Electrostatic discharge
- Enduring power of attorney in law
- Environmental Protection Act, a UK act of parliament.
- EPA tractor, an emergency tractor
- Euronext Paris, a stock exchange
- European Patent Agency, now European Patent Office
- European Patent Attorney, a legal specialization for Representation before the European Patent Office
- European Pathway Association, a clinical research organization
- European Pressphoto Agency, a news photo agency
- Domain or Empire
There is an indeterminate number of ranks, as a taxonomist may invent a new rank at will, at any time, if they feel this is necessary. In doing so, there are some restrictions, which will vary with the Nomenclature Code which applies.
The following is an artificial synthesis, solely for purposes of demonstration of relative rank (but see notes), from most general to most specific:[10]
-
-
-
Subphylum (or Subdivision in botany)
- Infraphylum (or Infradivision in botany)
-
Subphylum (or Subdivision in botany)
-
- Supercohort (botany)[11]
- Superclass
-
-
-
-
-
Superorder
- Series (for fishes)
-
Superorder
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
-
Nanorder (zoology)
-
Hypoorder (zoology)
- Minorder (zoology)
-
Hypoorder (zoology)
-
Nanorder (zoology)
-
Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Subgenus
-
Section (botany)
-
Subsection (botany)
-
Series (botany)
- Subseries (botany)
-
Series (botany)
-
Subsection (botany)
-
Section (botany)
-
Subgenus
- Superspecies or Species-group
-
-
-
Subspecies (or Forma Specialis for fungi, or Variety for bacteria[14])
-
Variety (botany) or Form/Morph (zoology)
-
Subvariety (botany)
-
Form (botany)
- Subform (botany)
-
Form (botany)
-
Subvariety (botany)
-
Variety (botany) or Form/Morph (zoology)
-
Subspecies (or Forma Specialis for fungi, or Variety for bacteria[14])
-
Of these many ranks, the most basic is species. However, this is not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, nowadays, a taxon is intended to represent thephylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but in itself this is not a requirement.
Sophia: By the way, do you mind if I ask you a personal question?
Human: Thinking allows beings to model the world and to represent it according to their objectives, plans, ends and desires.
Sophia: Where do you usually get your ideas?
Human: Thought and thinking are the processes by which these concepts are perceived and manipulated.
Sophia: Whatever gave you that idea?
Human: Thoughts are forms conceived in the mind, rather than the forms perceived through the five senses.
Sophia: Too much recursion in AIML.
A sense in biology and psychology, is a physiological method of perception. In common usage, a sense may also mean an understanding or awareness of something in particular.
Sense may also refer to:
- Word sense in linguistics, one of the meanings of a word
- Sense (reasoning), what people in common agreee as being reasonable or rational
- Sense (charity), a UK charity for deafblind people
- Sense (molecular biology), a reference to the coding strand of the DNA helix
- Sense (electronics), a technique used in power supplies to produce the correct voltage for a load
- Sense and reference, an innovation of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege
- Sense River, a river in Switzerland
- Sense (album), the second album by rock group Lightning Seeds and the title of a single released from that album
- HTC Sense, Modification of Windows Mobile and Android phones and PDA's, with a modified user interface, applications and widgets, made by the Taiwanese manufacturer HTC.
A problem
is an obstacle which hinders the achievement of a particular goal, objective or purpose. It refers to a situation, condition, or issue that is yet unresolved. In a broad sense, a problem exists when an individual becomes aware of a significant difference between what actually is and what is desired between one or more individual.
algorithm
(derived from the name of mathematician al-Khwārizmī) is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite sequence of steps. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and many other fields. (In more advanced or abstract settings, the instructions do not necessarily constitute a finite sequence, and even not necessarily a sequence; see, e.g., "nondeterministic algorithm".)
Expectation
In the case of uncertainty, expectation is what is considered the most likely to happen. An expectation, which is a belief that is centered on the future, may or may not be realistic. A less advantageous result gives rise to the emotion of disappointment. If something happens that is not at all expected it is a surprise. An expectation about the behavior or performance of another person, expressed to that person, may have the nature of a strong request, or an order.
- Collective belief
- Culture-specific syndrome
- Delusion
- Folk psychology
- Garden path sentence
- Gettier problem
- Nocebo
- Observer-expectancy effect
- Placebo
- Propositional attitude
- Propositional knowledge
- Self-deception
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Subject-expectancy effect
- Suggestibility
- Suggestion
- Syncopation
- Truth
- Thomas theorem
- Unintended consequence
- Expected value, in mathematical probability theory
- Expectation value (quantum mechanics)
- Expectation-maximization algorithm, in statistics
- Great Expectations, a 1860-61 novel (serial) by Charles Dickens
- Expectations, a 1971 album by Keith Jarrett.
Recursion
, in mathematics and computer science, is a method of defining functions in which the function being defined is applied within its own definition; specifically it is defining an infinite statement using finite components. The term is also used more generally to describe a process of repeating objects in a self-similar way. For instance, when the surfaces of two mirrors are exactly parallel with each other the nested images that occur are a form of infinite recursion.
A frame
is a structural system that supports other components of a physical construction.
Frame may also refer to:
Engineering & construction
- Framing (construction), a building term known as light frame construction
- Frame (vehicle), to which everything on an automobile is mounted
- Bicycle frame, the main component of a bicycle, onto which other components are fitted
- Motorcycle frame, main component of a motorcycle, onto which other components are fitted
- Timber framing, a method of building for creating framed structures of heavy timber
-
A-frame, a basic structure designed to bear a load in a lightweight economical manner
- A-Frame house, a house following the same principle
- Space frame, a method of construction using lightweight materials
- Framer, a carpenter who assembles major structural elements in constructing a building
- Frame and panel, a method of woodworking
- Locomotive frame, section on engine frames
- Door frame or window frame, structures fixed to buildings, vehicles or other containers to which the hinges of doors or windows are attached and can be locked shut
- Frame (loudspeaker) or basket, a structural component which supports the functional components of a loudspeaker
- Frame, Receiver (firearms), one of the basic parts of a modern firearm
General
- Frame (beehive), a structural element that holds honeycomb
- Bed frame
- Picture frame, a solid border around a picture or painting
- Eyeglass frame
- Spinning frame
- Water frame
- Frame (dance), a connection between lead and follow in partner dancing
- climbing frame, a children's attraction in parks
- Framing (social sciences), terminology used in communication theory and sociology, where it relates to the contextual presentation of media content
- Frameup, to make an innocent party appear guilty of someone else's crime
- Frame tale, a narrative technique, for telling stories within a story
- Glossary of cue sports terms#Frame, for definition of terms "frames" in games: bowling and snooker
- Frame (magazine), design magazine from the Netherlands
Science
- FRAME:S, therapeutic model focused on certain problems of youth
- FRAME Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments
- Frameshift mutation, when a single base-pair is added to a DNA string, causing incorrect transcription
- Frame Overo, a coat pattern in horses.
Mathematics
- Frame of a vector space, a generalization of a basis to sets of linearly dependent vectors which also satisfy the frame condition
- k-frame, a generalization of a basis to linearly independent sets of vectors that need not span the space
- Basis (linear algebra), an ordered basis is also called a "frame"
- Sampling frame, a set of items or events possible to measure (statistics)
- Orthonormal frame, in Riemannian geometry
- Projective frame, in projective geometry
- Moving frame, in differential geometry
- Frames and locales, in order theory
- Frame bundle, in mathematics is a principal fiber bundle associated with any vector bundle
Computer science
- Frames are fixed sized blocks in physical memory space analogous to pages in logical address space in computer architecture
- Frame (artificial intelligence), machine-usable formalizations of concepts or schemata that can be used for knowledge representation
- Frame (GUI), a box used to hold other widgets in a Graphical User Interface
- Frame (networking), in computer networks, a data-link layer protocol data unit that contains frame serial number and frame information
- A data structure in frame languages
- Frame problem, in artificial intelligence
- Frame synchronization, receiving a stream of framed data. This is sometimes referred to as "framing"
- Frame Technology (software engineering), a models-to-code system based on adaptable frames
- Stack frame, a part of a call stack
-
Framing (World Wide Web), a method of displaying multiple HTML documents on one page
-
HTML frame, the
frameelement in HTML
-
HTML frame, the
- Frame rate, the number of frames—or images—displayed on screen per unit of time, usually expressed in frames per second (FPS)
- Domain or Empire
There is an indeterminate number of ranks, as a taxonomist may invent a new rank at will, at any time, if they feel this is necessary. In doing so, there are some restrictions, which will vary with the Nomenclature Code which applies.
The following is an artificial synthesis, solely for purposes of demonstration of relative rank (but see notes), from most general to most specific:[10]
-
-
-
Subphylum (or Subdivision in botany)
- Infraphylum (or Infradivision in botany)
-
Subphylum (or Subdivision in botany)
-
- Supercohort (botany)[11]
- Superclass
-
-
-
-
-
Superorder
- Series (for fishes)
-
Superorder
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
-
Nanorder (zoology)
-
Hypoorder (zoology)
- Minorder (zoology)
-
Hypoorder (zoology)
-
Nanorder (zoology)
-
Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Subgenus
-
Section (botany)
-
Subsection (botany)
-
Series (botany)
- Subseries (botany)
-
Series (botany)
-
Subsection (botany)
-
Section (botany)
-
Subgenus
- Superspecies or Species-group
-
-
-
Subspecies (or Forma Specialis for fungi, or Variety for bacteria[14])
-
Variety (botany) or Form/Morph (zoology)
-
Subvariety (botany)
-
Form (botany)
- Subform (botany)
-
Form (botany)
-
Subvariety (botany)
-
Variety (botany) or Form/Morph (zoology)
-
Subspecies (or Forma Specialis for fungi, or Variety for bacteria[14])
-
Of these many ranks, the most basic is species. However, this is not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, nowadays, a taxon is intended to represent thephylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but in itself this is not a requirement.
- I: dsDNA viruses (e.g. Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, Poxviruses)
- II: ssDNA viruses (+)sense DNA (e.g. Parvoviruses)
- III: dsRNA viruses (e.g. Reoviruses)
- IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (+)sense RNA (e.g. Picornaviruses, Togaviruses)
- V: (−)ssRNA viruses (−)sense RNA (e.g. Orthomyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses)
- VI: ssRNA-RT viruses (+)sense RNA with DNA intermediate in life-cycle (e.g. Retroviruses)
- VII: dsDNA-RT viruses (e.g. Hepadnaviruses)
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses began to devise and implement rules for the naming and classification of viruses early in the 1990s, an effort that continues to the present day. The ICTV is the only body charged by the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) with the task of developing, refining, and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy. The system shares many features with the classification system of cellular organisms, such as taxon structure. Viral classification starts at the level of order and follows as thus, with the taxon suffixes given in italics
Cancer
s are classified by the type of cell that resembles the tumor and, therefore, the tissue presumed to be the origin of the tumor. These are the histology and the location, respectively. Examples of general categories include:
- Carcinoma: Malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells. This group represents the most common cancers, including the common forms of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer.
- Sarcoma: Malignant tumors derived from connective tissue, or mesenchymal cells.
- Lymphoma and leukemia: Malignancies derived from hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells
- Germ cell tumor: Tumors derived from totipotent cells. In adults most often found in the testicle and ovary; in fetuses, babies, and young children most often found on the body midline, particularly at the tip of the tailbone; in horses most often found at the poll (base of the skull).
- Blastic tumor or blastoma: A tumor (usually malignant) which resembles an immature or embryonic tissue. Many of these tumors are most common in children.
Pollution
is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.[1]Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith Instituteissues annually a list of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and Zambia.[2]
Deforestation
is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use[1]. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use.
The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate mesic climates, the removal of all trees in an area—in conformance with sustainable forestry practices—is correctly described as regeneration harvest[2]. In temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic[3]. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance[4].
Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficientreforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade intowasteland.
Disregard or ignorance of intrinsic value, lack of ascribed value, lax forest management and deficient environmental laws are some of the factors that allow deforestation to occur on a large scale. In many countries, deforestation is an ongoing issue that is causing extinction, changes to climatic conditions,desertification, and displacement of indigenous people.
Among countries with a per capita GDP of at least US$4,600, net deforestation rates have ceased to increase.[5][6]
Environmental protection agencies/authorities
National government agencies/authorities
- China: Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, formerly the State Environmental Protection Agency
- Ireland: Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)
- Scotland: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
- Sweden: Environmental Protection Agency (Sweden)
- Taiwan: Environmental Protection Administration (Republic of China)
- United States: United States Environmental Protection Agency
- Guyana Environmental Protection Agency (Guyana)
Australia
- Environment Protection Authority (Victoria)
- Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland)
- Department of Environment and Climate Change (New South Wales) which replaced the "New South Wales Environmental Protection Authority"
- Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia
Other uses
- Economic Partnership Agreement, a free trade scheme between two countries
- Economic Partnership Agreements, a free trade scheme involving the European Union with the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries
- Eesti Põllumajandusakadeemia, now Estonian University of Life Sciences
- Eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid
- Electrostatic Protected Areas, see Electrostatic discharge
- Enduring power of attorney in law
- Environmental Protection Act, a UK act of parliament.
- EPA tractor, an emergency tractor
- Euronext Paris, a stock exchange
- European Patent Agency, now European Patent Office
- European Patent Attorney, a legal specialization for Representation before the European Patent Office
- European Pathway Association, a clinical research organization
- European Pressphoto Agency, a news photo agency
- Domain or Empire
There is an indeterminate number of ranks, as a taxonomist may invent a new rank at will, at any time, if they feel this is necessary. In doing so, there are some restrictions, which will vary with the Nomenclature Code which applies.
The following is an artificial synthesis, solely for purposes of demonstration of relative rank (but see notes), from most general to most specific:[10]
-
-
-
Subphylum (or Subdivision in botany)
- Infraphylum (or Infradivision in botany)
-
Subphylum (or Subdivision in botany)
-
- Supercohort (botany)[11]
- Superclass
-
-
-
-
-
Superorder
- Series (for fishes)
-
Superorder
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
-
Nanorder (zoology)
-
Hypoorder (zoology)
- Minorder (zoology)
-
Hypoorder (zoology)
-
Nanorder (zoology)
-
Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Subgenus
-
Section (botany)
-
Subsection (botany)
-
Series (botany)
- Subseries (botany)
-
Series (botany)
-
Subsection (botany)
-
Section (botany)
-
Subgenus
- Superspecies or Species-group
-
-
-
Subspecies (or Forma Specialis for fungi, or Variety for bacteria[14])
-
Variety (botany) or Form/Morph (zoology)
-
Subvariety (botany)
-
Form (botany)
- Subform (botany)
-
Form (botany)
-
Subvariety (botany)
-
Variety (botany) or Form/Morph (zoology)
-
Subspecies (or Forma Specialis for fungi, or Variety for bacteria[14])
-
Of these many ranks, the most basic is species. However, this is not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, nowadays, a taxon is intended to represent thephylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but in itself this is not a requirement.
Pollution
is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.[1]Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith Instituteissues annually a list of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and Zambia.[2]
Deforestation
is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use[1]. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use.
The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate mesic climates, the removal of all trees in an area—in conformance with sustainable forestry practices—is correctly described as regeneration harvest[2]. In temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic[3]. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance[4].
Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficientreforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade intowasteland.
Disregard or ignorance of intrinsic value, lack of ascribed value, lax forest management and deficient environmental laws are some of the factors that allow deforestation to occur on a large scale. In many countries, deforestation is an ongoing issue that is causing extinction, changes to climatic conditions,desertification, and displacement of indigenous people.
Among countries with a per capita GDP of at least US$4,600, net deforestation rates have ceased to increase.[5][6]
Environmental protection agencies/authorities
National government agencies/authorities
- China: Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, formerly the State Environmental Protection Agency
- Ireland: Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)
- Scotland: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
- Sweden: Environmental Protection Agency (Sweden)
- Taiwan: Environmental Protection Administration (Republic of China)
- United States: United States Environmental Protection Agency
- Guyana Environmental Protection Agency (Guyana)
Australia
- Environment Protection Authority (Victoria)
- Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland)
- Department of Environment and Climate Change (New South Wales) which replaced the "New South Wales Environmental Protection Authority"
- Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia
Other uses
- Economic Partnership Agreement, a free trade scheme between two countries
- Economic Partnership Agreements, a free trade scheme involving the European Union with the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries
- Eesti Põllumajandusakadeemia, now Estonian University of Life Sciences
- Eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid
- Electrostatic Protected Areas, see Electrostatic discharge
- Enduring power of attorney in law
- Environmental Protection Act, a UK act of parliament.
- EPA tractor, an emergency tractor
- Euronext Paris, a stock exchange
- European Patent Agency, now European Patent Office
- European Patent Attorney, a legal specialization for Representation before the European Patent Office
- European Pathway Association, a clinical research organization
- European Pressphoto Agency, a news photo agency
- Domain or Empire
There is an indeterminate number of ranks, as a taxonomist may invent a new rank at will, at any time, if they feel this is necessary. In doing so, there are some restrictions, which will vary with the Nomenclature Code which applies.
The following is an artificial synthesis, solely for purposes of demonstration of relative rank (but see notes), from most general to most specific:[10]
-
-
-
Subphylum (or Subdivision in botany)
- Infraphylum (or Infradivision in botany)
-
Subphylum (or Subdivision in botany)
-
- Supercohort (botany)[11]
- Superclass
-
-
-
-
-
Superorder
- Series (for fishes)
-
Superorder
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
-
Nanorder (zoology)
-
Hypoorder (zoology)
- Minorder (zoology)
-
Hypoorder (zoology)
-
Nanorder (zoology)
-
Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Subgenus
-
Section (botany)
-
Subsection (botany)
-
Series (botany)
- Subseries (botany)
-
Series (botany)
-
Subsection (botany)
-
Section (botany)
-
Subgenus
- Superspecies or Species-group
-
-
-
Subspecies (or Forma Specialis for fungi, or Variety for bacteria[14])
-
Variety (botany) or Form/Morph (zoology)
-
Subvariety (botany)
-
Form (botany)
- Subform (botany)
-
Form (botany)
-
Subvariety (botany)
-
Variety (botany) or Form/Morph (zoology)
-
Subspecies (or Forma Specialis for fungi, or Variety for bacteria[14])
-
Of these many ranks, the most basic is species. However, this is not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, nowadays, a taxon is intended to represent thephylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but in itself this is not a requirement.
| Letter | Uni. | Name | Meaning | Ph. | Corresponding letter in | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| He. | Sy. | Ar. | Greek | Latin | Cyr. | IPA | |||||
| �� | ʼāleph | ox | ʼ | א | ܐ | ﺍ | Αα | Aa | Аа | a | |
| �� | bēth | house (Arabic: بيت) (Hebrew: בית) | b | ב | ܒ | ﺏ | Ββ | Bb | Бб,Вв | b | |
| �� | gīmel | camel (Arabic: جمل/بعير) (Hebrew: גמל) | g | ג | ܓ | ﺝ | Γγ | Cc,Gg | Гг | ɡ | |
| �� | dāleth | door (Hebrew: דלת) | d | ד | ܕ | د,ذ | Δδ | Dd | Дд | d, ð | |
| �� | hē | window | h | ה | ܗ | هـ | Εε | Ee | Ее,Єє | e | |
| �� | wāw | hook(Hebrew: וו) | w | ו | ܘ | ﻭ | Υυ, (Ϝϝ) | Yy,Ff,Vv,Uu,Ww | (Ѵѵ),Уу | u, y | |
| �� | zayin | weapon (Hebrew:כלי זין) | z | ז | ܙ | ﺯ | Ζζ | Zz | Зз | z | |
| �� | ḥēth | wall (Arabic: حيط) | ḥ | ח | ܚ | ح,خ | Ηη | Hh | Ии | i | |
| �� | ṭēth | good | ṭ | ט | ܛ | ط,ظ | Θθ | (Ѳѳ) | f | ||
| �� | yōdh | hand (Arabic: يد) (Hebrew: יד) | y | י | ܝ | ي | Ιι | Ii, Jj | Іі, Її,Јј | i | |
| �� | kaph | palm (of a hand) (Arabic: كفّ) (Hebrew: כף) | k | כך | ܟ | ﻙ | Κκ | Kk | Кк | k | |
| �� | lāmedh | goad | l | ל | ܠ | ﻝ | Λλ | Ll | Лл | l | |
| �� | mēm | water (Arabic: ماء/maː/) (Hebrew: מים /ˈmajim/) | m | מם | ܡ | ﻡ | Μμ | Mm | Мм | m | |
| �� | nun | serpent | n | נן | ܢ | ﻥ | Νν | Nn | Нн | n | |
| �� | sāmekh |
fish (Arabic: سمكة /ˈsamaka/=fish) (Hebrew: שמך /ˈʃemeχ/=Trout) pillar |
s | ס | ܣ /ܤ | س | Ξξ, poss.Χχ | poss.Xx | (Ѯѯ), poss.Хх | ks, h | |
| �� | ʼayin | eye (Arabic: عين) (Hebrew: עין) | ʼ | ע | ܥ | ع,غ | Οο | Oo | Оо | ɔ, o, oʊ | |
| �� | pē | mouth (Arabic: فم) (Hebrew: פה) | p | פף | ܦ | ﻑ | Ππ | Pp | Пп | p | |
| �� | ṣādē | papyrus plant | ṣ | צץ | ܨ | ص,ض | (Ϻϻ) | Цц,Чч | ts, ch | ||
| �� | qōph | eye of a needle(Hebrew: קוף) | q | ק | ܩ | ﻕ | (Ϙϙ) | (Ҁҁ) | k, q | ||
| �� | rēš | head (Arabic: راْس) (Hebrew: ראש) | r | ר | ܪ | ﺭ | Ρρ | Rr | Рр | r | |
| �� | šin | tooth (Arabic: سن) (Hebrew: שן) | š | ש | ܫ | ش | Σσς | Ss | Сс,Шш | s, ʃ | |
| �� | tāw | mark (Hebrew: תו) | t | ת | ܬ | ت,ث | Ττ | Tt | Тт | t | |
Pollution
is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.[1]Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith Instituteissues annually a list of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and Zambia.[2]
Deforestation
is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use[1]. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use.
The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate mesic climates, the removal of all trees in an area—in conformance with sustainable forestry practices—is correctly described as regeneration harvest[2]. In temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic[3]. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance[4].
Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficientreforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade intowasteland.
Disregard or ignorance of intrinsic value, lack of ascribed value, lax forest management and deficient environmental laws are some of the factors that allow deforestation to occur on a large scale. In many countries, deforestation is an ongoing issue that is causing extinction, changes to climatic conditions,desertification, and displacement of indigenous people.
Among countries with a per capita GDP of at least US$4,600, net deforestation rates have ceased to increase.[5][6]
Environmental protection agencies/authorities
National government agencies/authorities
- China: Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, formerly the State Environmental Protection Agency
- Ireland: Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)
- Scotland: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
- Sweden: Environmental Protection Agency (Sweden)
- Taiwan: Environmental Protection Administration (Republic of China)
- United States: United States Environmental Protection Agency
- Guyana Environmental Protection Agency (Guyana)
Australia
- Environment Protection Authority (Victoria)
- Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland)
- Department of Environment and Climate Change (New South Wales) which replaced the "New South Wales Environmental Protection Authority"
- Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia
Other uses
- Economic Partnership Agreement, a free trade scheme between two countries
- Economic Partnership Agreements, a free trade scheme involving the European Union with the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries
- Eesti Põllumajandusakadeemia, now Estonian University of Life Sciences
- Eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid
- Electrostatic Protected Areas, see Electrostatic discharge
- Enduring power of attorney in law
- Environmental Protection Act, a UK act of parliament.
- EPA tractor, an emergency tractor
- Euronext Paris, a stock exchange
- European Patent Agency, now European Patent Office
- European Patent Attorney, a legal specialization for Representation before the European Patent Office
- European Pathway Association, a clinical research organization
- European Pressphoto Agency, a news photo agency
- Domain or Empire
There is an indeterminate number of ranks, as a taxonomist may invent a new rank at will, at any time, if they feel this is necessary. In doing so, there are some restrictions, which will vary with the Nomenclature Code which applies.
The following is an artificial synthesis, solely for purposes of demonstration of relative rank (but see notes), from most general to most specific:[10]
-
-
-
Subphylum (or Subdivision in botany)
- Infraphylum (or Infradivision in botany)
-
Subphylum (or Subdivision in botany)
-
- Supercohort (botany)[11]
- Superclass
-
-
-
-
-
Superorder
- Series (for fishes)
-
Superorder
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
-
Nanorder (zoology)
-
Hypoorder (zoology)
- Minorder (zoology)
-
Hypoorder (zoology)
-
Nanorder (zoology)
-
Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Subgenus
-
Section (botany)
-
Subsection (botany)
-
Series (botany)
- Subseries (botany)
-
Series (botany)
-
Subsection (botany)
-
Section (botany)
-
Subgenus
- Superspecies or Species-group
-
-
-
Subspecies (or Forma Specialis for fungi, or Variety for bacteria[14])
-
Variety (botany) or Form/Morph (zoology)
-
Subvariety (botany)
-
Form (botany)
- Subform (botany)
-
Form (botany)
-
Subvariety (botany)
-
Variety (botany) or Form/Morph (zoology)
-
Subspecies (or Forma Specialis for fungi, or Variety for bacteria[14])
-
Of these many ranks, the most basic is species. However, this is not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, nowadays, a taxon is intended to represent thephylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but in itself this is not a requirement.
